find
find功能说明：查找文件或目录。
语 法：find [目录...][-amin <分钟>][-anewer <参考文件或目录>][-atime <24小时数>][-cmin <分钟>][-cnewer <参考文件或目录>][-ctime <24小时数>][-daystart][-depyh][-empty][-exec <执行指令>][-false][-fls <列表文件>][-follow][-fprint <列表文件>][-fprint0 <列表文件>][-fprintf <列表文件><输出格式>][-fstype <文件系统类型>][-gid <群组识别码>][-group <群组名称>][-help][-ilname <范本样式>][-iname <范本样式>][-inum <inode编号>][-ipath <范本样式>][-iregex <范本样式>][-links <连接数目>][-lname <范本样式>][-ls][-maxdepth <目录层级>][-mindepth <目录层级>][-mmin <分钟>][-mount]
[-mtime <24小时数>][-name <范本样式>][-newer <参考文件或目录>][-nogroup][noleaf] [-nouser][-ok <执行指令>][-path <范本样式>][-perm <权限数值>][-print][-print0][-printf <输出格式>][-prune][-regex <范本样式>][-size <文件大小>][-true][-type <文件类型>][-uid <用户识别码>][-used <日数>][-user <拥有者名称>][-version][-xdev][-xtype <文件类型>]
补充说明：find指令用于查找符合条件的文件。任何位于参数之前的字符串都将被视为欲查找的目录。
参 数：
-amin<分钟> 查找在指定时间曾被存取过的文件或目录，单位以分钟计算。
-anewer<参考文件或目录> 查找其存取时间较指定文件或目录的存取时间更接近现在的文件或目录。
-atime<24小时数> 查找在指定时间曾被存取过的文件或目录，单位以24小时计算。
-cmin<分钟> 查找在指定时间之时被更改的文件或目录。
-cnewer<参考文件或目录> 查找其更改时间较指定文件或目录的更改时间更接近现在的文件或目录。
-ctime<24小时数> 查找在指定时间之时被更改的文件或目录，单位以24小时计算。
-daystart 从本日开始计算时间。
-depth 从指定目录下最深层的子目录开始查找。
-expty 寻找文件大小为0 Byte的文件，或目录下没有任何子目录或文件的空目录。
-exec<执行指令> 假设find指令的回传值为True，就执行该指令。
-false 将find指令的回传值皆设为False。
-fls<列表文件> 此参数的效果和指定"-ls"参数类似，但会把结果保存为指定的列表文件。
-follow 排除符号连接。
-fprint<列表文件> 此参数的效果和指定"-print"参数类似，但会把结果保存成指定的列表文件。
-fprint0<列表文件> 此参数的效果和指定"-print0"参数类似，但会把结果保存成指定的列表文件。
-fprintf<列表文件><输出格式> 此参数的效果和指定"-printf"参数类似，但会把结果保存成指定的列表文件。
-fstype<文件系统类型> 只寻找该文件系统类型下的文件或目录。
-gid<群组识别码> 查找符合指定之群组识别码的文件或目录。
-group<群组名称> 查找符合指定之群组名称的文件或目录。
-help或--help 在线帮助。
-ilname<范本样式> 此参数的效果和指定"-lname"参数类似，但忽略字符大小写的差别。
-iname<范本样式> 此参数的效果和指定"-name"参数类似，但忽略字符大小写的差别。
-inum<inode编号> 查找符合指定的inode编号的文件或目录。
-ipath<范本样式> 此参数的效果和指定"-ipath"参数类似，但忽略字符大小写的差别。
-iregex<范本样式> 此参数的效果和指定"-regexe"参数类似，但忽略字符大小写的差别。
-links<连接数目> 查找符合指定的硬连接数目的文件或目录。
-iname<范本样式> 指定字符串作为寻找符号连接的范本样式。
-ls 假设find指令的回传值为True，就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。
-maxdepth<目录层级> 设置最大目录层级。
-mindepth<目录层级> 设置最小目录层级。
-mmin<分钟> 查找在指定时间曾被更改过的文件或目录，单位以分钟计算。
-mount 此参数的效果和指定"-xdev"相同。
-mtime<24小时数> 查找在指定时间曾被更改过的文件或目录，单位以24小时计算。
-name<范本样式> 指定字符串作为寻找文件或目录的范本样式。
-newer<参考文件或目录> 查找其更改时间较指定文件或目录的更改时间更接近现在的文件或目录。
-nogroup 找出不属于本地主机群组识别码的文件或目录。
-noleaf 不去考虑目录至少需拥有两个硬连接存在。
-nouser 找出不属于本地主机用户识别码的文件或目录。
-ok<执行指令> 此参数的效果和指定"-exec"参数类似，但在执行指令之前会先询问用户，若回答"y"或"Y"，则放弃执行指令。
-path<范本样式> 指定字符串作为寻找目录的范本样式。
-perm<权限数值> 查找符合指定的权限数值的文件或目录。
-print 假设find指令的回传值为True，就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。格式为每列一个名称，每个名称之前皆有"./"字符串。
-print0 假设find指令的回传值为True，就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。格式为全部的名称皆在同一行。
-printf<输出格式> 假设find指令的回传值为True，就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。格式可以自行指定。
-prune 不寻找字符串作为寻找文件或目录的范本样式。
-regex<范本样式> 指定字符串作为寻找文件或目录的范本样式。
-size<文件大小> 查找符合指定的文件大小的文件。
-true 将find指令的回传值皆设为True。
-typ<文件类型> 只寻找符合指定的文件类型的文件。
-uid<用户识别码> 查找符合指定的用户识别码的文件或目录。
-used<日数> 查找文件或目录被更改之后在指定时间曾被存取过的文件或目录，单位以日计算。
-user<拥有者名称> 查找符合指定的拥有者名称的文件或目录。
-version或--version 显示版本信息。
-xdev 将范围局限在先行的文件系统中。
-xtype<文件类型> 此参数的效果和指定"-type"参数类似，差别在于它针对符号连接检查。
find
find [pathnames] [conditions]
An extremely useful command for finding particular groups of files (numerous examples follow this description). find descends the directory tree beginning at each pathname and locates files that meet the specified conditions. The default pathname is the current directory. The most useful conditions include -name and -type (for general use), -exec and -size (for advanced use), and -mtime and -user (for administrators).
Conditions may be grouped by enclosing them in ( ) (escaped
Conditions and actions
Find files last accessed more than n (+n), less than n (-n), or exactly n minutes ago.
Find files that were accessed after file was last modified. Affected by -follow when after -follow on the command line.
Find files that were last accessed more than n (+n), less than n (-n), or exactly n days ago. Note that find changes the access time of directories supplied as pathnames.
Find files last changed more than n (+n), less than n (-n), or exactly n minutes ago.
Find files that were changed after they were last modified. Affected by -follow when after -follow on the command line.
Find files that were changed more than n (+n), less than n (-n), or exactly n days ago. A change is anything that changes the directory entry for the file, such as a chmod.
Calculate times from the start of the day today, not 24 hours ago.
Descend the directory tree, skipping directories and working on actual files first, and then the parent directories. Useful when files reside in unwritable directories (e.g., when using find with cpio).
Continue if file is empty. Applies to regular files and directories.
Run the Linux command, from the starting directory on each file matched by find (provided command executes successfully on that file—i.e., returns a 0 exit status). When command runs, the argument { } substitutes the current file. Follow the entire sequence with an escaped semicolon (;). In some shells, the braces may need to be escaped as well.
Return false value for each file encountered.
Follow symbolic links and track the directories visited (don't use with -type l).
Match files only on type filesystems. Acceptable types include minix, ext, ext2, xia, msdos, umsdos, vfat, proc, nfs, iso9660, hpfs, sysv, smb, and ncpfs.
Find files with numeric group ID of num.
Find files belonging to group gname. gname can be a group name or a group ID number.
A case-insensitive version of -lname.
A case-insensitive version of -name.
Find files whose inode number is n.
A case-insensitive version of -path.
A case-insensitive version of -regex.
Find files having n links.
Search for files that are symbolic links, pointing to files named pattern. pattern can include shell metacharacters and does not treat / or
. specially. The match is case-insensitive.
Do not descend more than num levels of directories.
Begin applying tests and actions only at levels deeper than num levels.
Find files last modified more than n (+n), less than n (-n), or exactly n minutes ago.
Search only for files that reside on the same filesystem as pathname.
Find files that were last modified more than n (+n), less than n (-n), or exactly n days ago. A modification is a change to a file's data.
Find files whose names match pattern. Filename metacharacters may be used but should be escaped or quoted.
Find files that were modified more recently than file; similar to -mtime. Affected by -follow only if it occurs after -follow on the command line.
The file's group ID does not correspond to any group.
Normally, find assumes that each directory has at least two hard links that should be ignored (a hard link for its name and one for "."--i.e., two fewer "real" directories than its hard link count indicates). -noleaf turns off this assumption, a useful practice when find runs on non-Unix-style filesystems. This forces find to examine all entries, assuming that some might prove to be directories into which it must descend (a time-waster on Unix).
The file's user ID does not correspond to any user.
Same as -exec, but prompts user to respond with y before command is executed.
Find files whose names match pattern. Expect full pathnames relative to the starting pathname (i.e., do not treat / or . specially).
Find files whose permission flags (e.g., rwx) match octal number nnn exactly (e.g., 664 matches -rw-rw-r--). Use a minus sign before nnn to make a "wildcard" match of any unspecified octal digit (e.g., -perm -600 matches -rw-******, where * can be any mode).
Print the matching files and directories, using their full pathnames. Return true. This is the default behavior.
Like -path, but uses grep-style regular expressions instead of the shell-like globbing used in -name and -path.
Find files containing n blocks, or if c is specified, n characters long.
Find files whose type is c. c can be b (block special file), c (character special file), d (directory), p (fifo or named pipe), l (symbolic link), s (socket), or f (plain file).
Find files belonging to user (name or ID).
Examples
List all files (and subdirectories) in your home directory:
find $HOME -print
List all files named chapter1 in the /work directory:
find /work -name chapter1
List all files beginning with memo owned by ann:
find /work -name 'memo*' -user ann -print
Search the filesystem (begin at root) for manpage directories:
find / -type d -name 'man*' -print
Search the current directory, look for filenames that don't begin with a capital letter, and send them to the printer:
find . ! -name '[A-Z] *' -exec lpr { };
Find and compress files whose names don't end with .gz:
gzip `find . ! -name '*.gz' -print`
Remove all empty files on the system (prompting first):
find / -size 0 -ok rm { } ;
Search the system for files that were modified within the last two days (good candidates for backing up):
find / -mtime -2 -print
Recursively grep for a pattern down a directory tree:
find /book -print | xargs grep '[Nn] utshell'
If the files kt1 and kt2 exist in the current directory, their names can be printed with the command:
$ find . -name 'kt[0-9] ' ./kt1 ./kt2
Since the command prints these names with an initial ./ path, you need to specify the ./ when using the -path option:
$ find . -path './kt[0-9] ' ./kt1 ./kt2
The -regex option uses a complete pathname, like -path, but treats the following argument as a regular expression rather than a glob pattern (although in this case the result is the same):
$ find . -regex './kt[0-9] ' ./kt1 ./kt2